第三人称单数

一般现在时中，主语为 he/she/it 或单数名词时，谓语动词的变化规则。

一般情况下直接加 -s条件：大多数动词
示例：
  • work → works
  • play → plays
  • run → runs
  • eat → eats
  • know → knows
  • give → gives
  • think → thinks
以 -s, -sh, -ch, -x, -o 结尾加 -es条件：动词结尾字母为 s, sh, ch, x, o
示例：
  • kiss → kisses
  • wash → washes
  • watch → watches
  • fix → fixes
  • go → goes
  • pass → passes
  • brush → brushes
  • catch → catches
  • mix → mixes
  • teach → teaches
辅音字母 + y 结尾，变 y 为 i 加 -es条件：动词以「辅音+y」结尾
示例：
  • study → studies
  • carry → carries
  • try → tries
  • fly → flies
  • cry → cries
  • marry → marries
  • hurry → hurries
元音字母 + y 结尾，直接加 -s条件：动词以「元音+y」结尾
示例：
  • play → plays
  • buy → buys
  • enjoy → enjoys
  • say → says
  • stay → stays
  • pay → pays
  • lay → lays
特殊变化条件：常见不规则动词
示例：
  • have → has
  • be → is
  • do → does
  • can → can (不变)
  • may → may (不变)
  • shall → shall (不变)
  • will → will (不变)
  • must → must (不变)

现在分词（-ing）

所有进行时态（现在进行、过去进行、将来进行等）中动词的 -ing 形式变化规则。

一般情况下直接加 -ing条件：大多数动词
示例：
  • play → playing
  • read → reading
  • work → working
  • eat → eating
  • sleep → sleeping
  • talk → talking
  • listen → listening
以不发音的 -e 结尾，去 e 加 -ing条件：动词以不发音 e 结尾
示例：
  • make → making
  • write → writing
  • take → taking
  • give → giving
  • dance → dancing
  • drive → driving
  • come → coming
以 -ie 结尾，变 ie 为 y 加 -ing条件：动词以 ie 结尾
示例：
  • die → dying
  • lie → lying
  • tie → tying
  • vie → vying
  • dye → dyeing
  • eye → eyeing
  • toe → toeing
重读闭音节结尾，末尾只有一个辅音字母，双写该字母再加 -ing条件：动词最后三个字母：辅音+元音+辅音，且重读
示例：
  • stop → stopping
  • begin → beginning
  • run → running
  • swim → swimming
  • sit → sitting
  • put → putting
  • get → getting

规则动词过去式与过去分词

一般过去时、完成时和被动语态中，规则动词的 -ed 形式变化。

一般情况下直接加 -ed条件：大多数动词
示例：
  • work → worked → worked
  • play → played → played
  • walk → walked → walked
  • talk → talked → talked
  • open → opened → opened
  • visit → visited → visited
  • help → helped → helped
以不发音的 -e 结尾，只加 -d条件：动词以 e 结尾
示例：
  • like → liked → liked
  • move → moved → moved
  • live → lived → lived
  • hope → hoped → hoped
  • close → closed → closed
  • smile → smiled → smiled
  • save → saved → saved
辅音字母 + y 结尾，变 y 为 i 加 -ed条件：动词以「辅音+y」结尾
示例：
  • study → studied → studied
  • cry → cried → cried
  • try → tried → tried
  • carry → carried → carried
  • marry → married → married
  • hurry → hurried → hurried
  • worry → worried → worried
重读闭音节结尾，末尾只有一个辅音字母，双写该字母再加 -ed条件：动词以「辅音+元音+辅音」结尾且重读
示例：
  • stop → stopped → stopped
  • plan → planned → planned
  • drop → dropped → dropped
  • fit → fitted → fitted
  • grab → grabbed → grabbed
  • clap → clapped → clapped
  • slip → slipped → slipped

不规则动词变化

常见不规则动词的原形、过去式、过去分词形式，用于一般过去时和完成时。

AAA型（原形、过去式、过去分词同形）
示例：
  • put → put → put
  • cut → cut → cut
  • let → let → let
  • set → set → set
  • shut → shut → shut
  • hit → hit → hit
  • cost → cost → cost
ABA型（原形与过去分词同形）
示例：
  • come → came → come
  • run → ran → run
  • become → became → become
  • overcome → overcame → overcome
  • forbid → forbade → forbid
  • bid → bade → bid
  • rid → rid → rid
ABB型（过去式与过去分词同形）
示例：
  • bring → brought → brought
  • buy → bought → bought
  • have → had → had
  • make → made → made
  • teach → taught → taught
  • think → thought → thought
  • catch → caught → caught
  • feel → felt → felt
  • keep → kept → kept
ABC型（三者皆不同）
示例：
  • begin → began → begun
  • drink → drank → drunk
  • eat → ate → eaten
  • go → went → gone
  • see → saw → seen
  • write → wrote → written
  • speak → spoke → spoken
  • take → took → taken
  • give → gave → given
  • know → knew → known

情态动词与时态

情态动词（can, could, may, might, must, will, would, shall, should）在时态中的用法，它们本身没有时态变化，但可通过搭配表示不同时间。

情态动词 + 动词原形时态：表示现在或将来
示例：
  • She can swim. (现在能力)
  • You should go now. (建议，现在或将来)
  • It will rain soon. (将来)
  • I can speak English. (现在能力)
  • We must finish this today. (义务)
  • You may leave now. (允许)
  • They will arrive tomorrow. (将来)
  • He should study harder. (建议)
情态动词 + have + 过去分词时态：表示过去（推测、虚拟、责备等）
示例：
  • She must have left. (对过去的肯定推测)
  • You could have told me. (过去本可以但没做)
  • He might have been ill. (对过去的可能推测)
  • He should have studied harder. (过去本该做却没做)
  • They could have won the game. (过去本可以)
  • She may have arrived by now. (对过去的可能推测)
  • You needn't have worried. (过去本不必)
  • We would have helped if we had known. (虚拟过去)
情态动词 + be + 现在分词时态：表示对正在进行的动作的推测
示例：
  • She must be sleeping now.
  • He could be working at this moment.
  • He might be studying in the library. (推测正在进行)
  • They could be having dinner now. (推测正在进行)
  • She must be waiting for us. (肯定推测正在等)
  • He may be driving right now. (可能正在开车)
  • You shouldn't be working this late. (不该正在做)
情态动词的过去式（can→could, may→might, will→would）时态：可用于过去时态，表示能力、允许、意愿的过去
示例：
  • When I was young, I could run fast. (过去能力)
  • He said he would come. (过去将来)
  • She could play piano at age five. (过去能力)
  • He might come to the party. (委婉可能)
  • Would you help me with this? (委婉请求)
  • I thought it might rain yesterday. (过去推测)
  • She said she would call me later. (过去将来意愿)

there be 句型的时态变化

there be 结构可以在不同时态中表示“存在”。

一般现在时 there is / there are There is a book on the desk.
一般过去时 there was / there were There were many people at the party.
一般将来时 there will be There will be a meeting tomorrow.
过去将来时 there would be He said there would be a test.
现在完成时 there has been / there have been There has been an accident.
过去完成时 there had been There had been a storm before we arrived.
将来完成时 there will have been By next year, there will have been three winners.
情态动词搭配 there + 情态动词 + be There must be a mistake.

被动语态与时态

被动语态由 be + 过去分词构成，be 动词按不同时态变化。

一般现在时 am/is/are + 过去分词 English is spoken here.
一般过去时 was/were + 过去分词 The bridge was built in 1990.
一般将来时 will be + 过去分词 The work will be finished soon.
过去将来时 would be + 过去分词 He said the letter would be sent.
现在进行时 am/is/are being + 过去分词 The road is being repaired.
过去进行时 was/were being + 过去分词 The house was being painted when I arrived.
现在完成时 have/has been + 过去分词 The tickets have been sold.
过去完成时 had been + 过去分词 The meal had been cooked before we came.
将来完成时 will have been + 过去分词 The project will have been completed by 2025.
情态动词被动 情态动词 + be + 过去分词 This must be done immediately.